Hello,
This is not CNC related but I feel this is the place to get an answer.
I am spray painting a chair but after the first coat I get the following, what I am calling, wrinkles.
What is the cause of this and how can this be avoided?
The search term you want is “lifting”, or “wrinkling” (maybe blistering) — a search on either of those terms along w/ “paint defect” will yield a lot of discussion
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I’ve seen that when painting a smooth surface when too thick of a coat is applied or when the previous coat wasn’t allowed to dry.
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Another cause is surface contamination — I’ve seen this when oil or wax interfered w/ the paint application in an area.
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Didn’t really see any discussion on this topic with the words suggested.
I am going to let this dry, then sand and repaint the areas affected. 
You could also call that orange peel. The surface is rough like an orange. As other stated the problem is likely too thick of a paint layer. It is hard to paint around your back spindles and easy to put too much paint down. So if you can eliminate contamination then the paint is simply too thick and a reaction happens causing the paint to wrinkle/orange peel. You will have to sand it off when it is completely dry and start over. Be sure to let the current paint dry for a while before attempting to remove the wrinkles or you will really have a mess and clogged sand paper. What may have contributed to the too thick coat is when you were painting the spindles the overspray settled down on the chair seat. So maybe mask the base when painting the spindles.
I always paint top down, inside out. So try masking while painting the top and paint in sections letting each section dry before moving on to the lower parts of the chair.
Nice looking chair.
On the next go around paint very light coats multiple of times. I know that is a pain but it would avoid this problem. It just takes a long time to get a smooth coat of paint.
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